The Jewish sorcerer Labid ibn al-A’sam, according to Muhammad’s medieval biographers, cursed:

In 628, the Muslims managed to conquer a number of agricultural settlements up north mainly inhabited by Jews, including the oasis town of:

Unable to enter the Kaaba during his pilgrimage in 629, Muhammad had his follower Bilal stand on the roof of the shrine and:

During the conquest of Mecca, around the Kaaba, Muhammad:

From the time of Muhammad forward, Jews and Christians in conquered territories had to:

Shiites believe that this man should have been caliph immediately upon Muhammad’s death:

While ailing, Muhammad asked this man to take over his preaching duties:

Muhammad’s adopted son Zayd, and his cousin Ja’far, were killed in the summer of 629 in a battle with:

There are stories about how Muhammad, during the conquest of Mecca, went into the Kaaba and made some proclamations about ___________ in the Kaaba.

How do traditional Islamic historians depict the Byzantine emperor Heraclius’ attitude toward Muhammad?

Muhammad is buried in:

The Treaty of al-Hudaybiyah was signed in 628 between the Muslims and the Quraysh, after the Muslims:

Following Muhammad’s death, who became the first caliph in 632?

After the conquest of Mecca, the Muslims quickly had to pivot to fight a tribal confederation called the

The word mu’minun, often used in the Qur’an and in the context of very early Islamic history, means:

The Arabic word, “khalifat,” or “caliph,” is best translated as:

This Quraysh leader accepted Islam just before the conquest of Mecca

In Shiism, the mahdi is:

In traditional Islamic biographies, Muhammad predicts the death of Khosrow II, leading to the conversion of Persian leadership in:

In the ancient biographies, Muhammad asks for a siwak, or ___________, while on his deathbed.