The word mu’minun, often used in the Qur’an and in the context of very early Islamic history, means:

Shiites believe that this man should have been caliph immediately upon Muhammad’s death:

There are stories about how Muhammad, during the conquest of Mecca, went into the Kaaba and made some proclamations about ___________ in the Kaaba.

While ailing, Muhammad asked this man to take over his preaching duties:

After the conquest of Mecca, the Muslims quickly had to pivot to fight a tribal confederation called the

In 628, the Muslims managed to conquer a number of agricultural settlements up north mainly inhabited by Jews, including the oasis town of:

Following Muhammad’s death, who became the first caliph in 632?

How do traditional Islamic historians depict the Byzantine emperor Heraclius’ attitude toward Muhammad?

In traditional Islamic biographies, Muhammad predicts the death of Khosrow II, leading to the conversion of Persian leadership in:

The Arabic word, “khalifat,” or “caliph,” is best translated as:

From the time of Muhammad forward, Jews and Christians in conquered territories had to:

The Jewish sorcerer Labid ibn al-A’sam, according to Muhammad’s medieval biographers, cursed:

In Shiism, the mahdi is:

Muhammad’s adopted son Zayd, and his cousin Ja’far, were killed in the summer of 629 in a battle with:

Unable to enter the Kaaba during his pilgrimage in 629, Muhammad had his follower Bilal stand on the roof of the shrine and:

The Treaty of al-Hudaybiyah was signed in 628 between the Muslims and the Quraysh, after the Muslims:

During the conquest of Mecca, around the Kaaba, Muhammad:

Muhammad is buried in:

This Quraysh leader accepted Islam just before the conquest of Mecca

In the ancient biographies, Muhammad asks for a siwak, or ___________, while on his deathbed.