In the ancient biographies, Muhammad asks for a siwak, or ___________, while on his deathbed.

The Treaty of al-Hudaybiyah was signed in 628 between the Muslims and the Quraysh, after the Muslims:

The Arabic word, “khalifat,” or “caliph,” is best translated as:

After the conquest of Mecca, the Muslims quickly had to pivot to fight a tribal confederation called the

Shiites believe that this man should have been caliph immediately upon Muhammad’s death:

Following Muhammad’s death, who became the first caliph in 632?

Muhammad’s adopted son Zayd, and his cousin Ja’far, were killed in the summer of 629 in a battle with:

While ailing, Muhammad asked this man to take over his preaching duties:

In 628, the Muslims managed to conquer a number of agricultural settlements up north mainly inhabited by Jews, including the oasis town of:

The word mu’minun, often used in the Qur’an and in the context of very early Islamic history, means:

Unable to enter the Kaaba during his pilgrimage in 629, Muhammad had his follower Bilal stand on the roof of the shrine and:

In Shiism, the mahdi is:

How do traditional Islamic historians depict the Byzantine emperor Heraclius’ attitude toward Muhammad?

Muhammad is buried in:

In traditional Islamic biographies, Muhammad predicts the death of Khosrow II, leading to the conversion of Persian leadership in:

During the conquest of Mecca, around the Kaaba, Muhammad:

This Quraysh leader accepted Islam just before the conquest of Mecca

There are stories about how Muhammad, during the conquest of Mecca, went into the Kaaba and made some proclamations about ___________ in the Kaaba.

From the time of Muhammad forward, Jews and Christians in conquered territories had to:

The Jewish sorcerer Labid ibn al-A’sam, according to Muhammad’s medieval biographers, cursed: