The first caliph, Abu Bakr, believed his position of leadership to be:

Who assassinated the caliph Umar?

Ali and his son Hasan both signed capitulation treaties with this man, the first Umayyad caliph:

The Kharijites were:

The first caliph was:

This Syrian governor helped the later Rashidun caliphs build a navy:

The clan of Uthman and Mu’awiya, this clan took the opportunity to enrich itself during the early period of Islamic history:

The word “ar-Rashidah,” as in “Rashidun Caliphate,” means:

This conflict was fought first between Ali and Aisha, and then later, Ali and Mu’awiya:

The word “kalifah,” from which we get the word “caliph,” means:

Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law, and the central figure in Shiism after the Prophet himself:

The Rashidun caliphate lasted from:

Shias believe that at Ghadir al-Khumm, just before Muhammad’s death, the Prophet:

The last Sasanian king, Yazdegerd III, was assassinated in:

The four Rashidun caliphs, in chronological order

This engagement, which took place in 636 near where modern-day Syria, Jordan, and Israel come together, was the largest military confrontation between the Rashidun caliphate and the Byzantines, and the Muslims won.

The caliph Uthman’s most problematic habit during his reign was:

The second caliph of Islam, this man was responsible for the largest militarized expansion in the first millennium:

The most famous codex of the Qur’an was produced during the reign of this caliph:

About which of the following statements of Muhammad do Sunnis and Shias have significant disagreements?